A recent POLITICO Pulse survey reveals a striking shift in European perceptions regarding the United States, with many viewing it as a greater threat than China. The study involved 6,698 participants across six major EU countries, including Poland, Spain, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy, conducted between March 13 and March 21, 2025.
Shifting perceptions of the US
Since Donald Trump assumed office in January 2025, his administration has stirred concerns among Europeans. The survey illustrated that only 12 percent of respondents considered the U.S. a close ally, while 36 percent viewed it as a threat. In comparison, China was perceived as a threat by 29 percent of those surveyed.
At the national level, the U.S. was regarded as more threatening than China in four of the six countries surveyed. Notably, respondents from France and Poland were the sole exceptions, viewing China as a more significant threat. This survey indicates a growing unease regarding U.S. foreign policy and its implications for European security.
Calls for military autonomy amidst varying support
The poll further highlighted an increasing desire among Europeans for the continent to enhance its military capabilities. Despite the recognition of the U.S. as a potential threat, public support for military assistance to NATO allies remained high, with 76 percent of respondents expressing willingness to send their military to defend a NATO ally if attacked. This support increased to 81 percent when it involved defending another EU member.
“Only 19 percent of respondents said they would be willing to ‘take up arms and fight’ if their own country were attacked,”
However, the survey revealed a significant gap between political support for defense initiatives and individuals’ willingness to engage in combat. Nearly half of the respondents expressed a preference for contributing in non-combat roles, revealing a potential challenge for European governments as they seek to bolster military capabilities.
While the consensus on the necessity for stronger European defense was evident—with 86 percent agreeing on the need to develop independent defense capabilities—views diverged sharply when it came to funding. Only 37 percent believed that their country spends the right amount on defense, with an equal number asserting that spending is insufficient. Notably, 22 percent felt their country is overspending.
As Europe navigates its security landscape, the survey results underscore the complexities of defense spending and public opinion, particularly as governments contemplate the future of military engagement and support for Ukraine.